Notes for IoT

11 Jul 2018

[ IoT  ]

IoT Critical Infrastructure

Fundamental

What is IoT?

• A world wide network of uniquely addressable interconnected objects, based on the same communication standard

IoT Key Components

• sensing and data collection
• communication
• data processing and analytic
• decision make

list 6 IOT application areas

• consumer electronics
• smart home
• smart cities
• smart utilities
• supply chain
• eHealth

Iot system architecture

main 4 stages

• sensors
• network gateway, data acquisition
• gateway main roles
  • data management
  • local application example: home alarm logic
  • devices management
• edge IT
  • performs preprocessing tasks for data before sending it to cloud center, example: machine learning requires immediate attention
• data center, cloud
  • performs in-depth processing, physical data center or cloud based center, do not need immediate feedback.

what do each stage do?

(sensors , network gateway, data acquisition, edge IT, data center, cloud)

network

• LAN
• WAN
  • differences: geographical coverage requirements of the network (LAN, WAN)

IoT Main Application Areas

• Massive IoT

  • defination: typical sensors that report to cloud on a regular basis

• challenges

  • device cost
  • battery life
  • coverage
  • scalability
  • diversity

Critical IoT

• challenges
  • high reliability
  • low latency
  • high availability

What is an IoT device

• What is IoT device: An IoT device is any nonstandard computing device that connects wirelessly to the network and has the ability to transmit data

• Classes

  • basic devices: only provide the basic services of sensors reading and actuators tasks

  • advanced devices: also provide a WAN connection

• difference

  • Requirement
    • low device cost
    • high power efficiency
    • low duty cycling

New Concepts

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications

• D2D: connecting the devices in a local manner

• Tactile Internet: encompassing human-to-machine and machine-to-machine interaction.

Enabling Technology For IOT

Architecture Reference Model

• ETSI architecture is the first release architecture for M2M
• ITU-T Reference Model
• IETF Reference Model
• IoT World Forum Reference Model

Big Data

• what is it: refer to the large data sets which need to be collected, stored, analyzed, and managed to deliver IoT insight

• what is it for

Cloud Computing

• defination: a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network to access shared computing resources

• 3 models: Saas, Paas, IaaS

• why for IOT: provide the virtual infrastructure for IoT applications to enable users to access applications on demand anytime, anywhere

Application Analytic software

• examples?
• which part to analyse?
• Digital twin
  • descrip it: as the sensors collecting all the real-time data, a set of models forming a digital twin that is updated with all the same information.

Connectivity and Networks

• wireless network technologies in IOT
  • The requirements for IoT applications
  • categories of them
    • capillary wireless technologies
    • cellular and wide area wireless networks

• example protocols

• modes

• infrastructure based

  • adhoc

  • RFID
    • components
      • tags
      • reader
      • mechanism : To read information encoded on the tag, the reader send a signal using an antenna, the tag responds with the information
    • data rate

  • ZIgBee

    • operation distance: 100m

    • advantages: in complex system provide low power operation, high security, high reliability, high scalability with high node count.

    • types of nodes

      • full function device

      • reduced function device

personal area network

• data rate

• WiFi

  • standard

  • two frequency bands:2.4Ghz, 5GHz

  • operation distance : 50

  • disadvantages for IOT

  • data rate up to 600 mps

• HaLow

  • advantages

  • frequency bands

  • 802.11af

  • advantages

  • frequency bands

• NFC

  • distances
  • standard
  • frequency bands
  • data rate
  • advantages

• Bluetooth

• WirelessHART

• Weightless

  • standard
  • techniques
  • advantages

• Z-Wave

  • primarily designed for
  • advantages
  • standard
  • frequency bands
  • data rate
• SigFix
  • primarily designed for
  • advantages
  • standard
  • frequency bands
  • data rate

• LoRa

• How to choose wireless technology

Iot data in ecosystem

• IoT data
  • 4 types
  • characteristic
• management
  • 7 stages
  • scope
  • examples

• how iot data fulfills characteristic of big data

  • 4 Vs

    • volume
    • various
    • velocity
    • veracity
• Data Analytic Lifecycle

  • 6 phases

    • discovery
    • data preparation
    • model planning
    • model building
    • communicate results
    • Operationalize

• Data Analytic

  • analytic techniques

    • K-mean Clustering
    • Regression Analysis
    • Decision Tree Analysis

Energy in the IoT Ecosystem

Characteristics of IoT Energy Sources

• scalability
• maintenance-free
• long life time battery
• mobility support
• flexibility
• low cost
• environment friendly

Types of Powering IoT Devices

• Energy Harvesting Use Cases in IoT

• WSN

• body sensor networks

• So on

• Energy sources for IoT applications

  • main power
  • Battery and Super-capacitors
  • RF Energy
  • Thermal energy
    • suitable for?
    • examples?
    • to improve?
    • Issues?

Evaluating Energy Efficiency of IoT Systems

• Access Techniques for IoT

  • wired communication/ pros, cons

  • wireless communication/ pros cons

  • radio waves pros/cons

    • reflection
    • Scattering
    • Diffraction

• Medium Access Control

  • Coordinated Multiple Access

    • TDMA
    • FDMA
    • CDMA

  • Uncoordinated Multiple Access

    • Random Access
    • Pure ALOHA
    • Slotted ALOHA
      • probability of both succeed
      • probablity of only one succeed

• Collision Probability in Random Access

• Improving Random Access
  • back off time
  • access barring
  • network condition.

• CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access

  • difference between aloha?
  • two important parameters
  • CSMA Variations
  • two problems of CSMA

• MACA Protocol

• Frequency Hopping and Bluetooth

Cellular Networks for IoT

• Cell concept

  • licensed spectrum
  • frequencies reuse
  • mobile network

• 1G

  • analog signals.
  • FDMA
  • bandwidth
  • Limits

• 2G

  • digital signals
  • TDMA and FDMA
  • bandwidth
  • advancements compared with 1G

• 3G

  • digital signals
  • CDMA
  • bandwidth
  • advancements compared with 2G

• 4G

  • OFDMA
  • bandwidth
  • advancements compared with 3G

• 5G

  • Different service categories
  • target applications and services
  • two challenges

  • five brand new technologies

    • millimeter waves
    • Small Cell
    • Massive MIMO
    • Beamforming
    • Full Duplex
• NB-IoT
• LTE-M

Security Challenges in IoT

• Security Challenges in IoT
  • Privacy and Information Security
  • Device Security and Software Update
  • Trust in Intermediaries
  • The Implications of Regulation
  • flaws in Cyber-Physical Systems
• Attacks in IoT
• Threats in IoT