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IoT Critical Infrastructure

Fundamental

What is IoT?

  • A world wide network of uniquely addressable interconnected objects, based on the same communication standard

IoT Key Components

  • sensing and data collection
  • communication
  • data processing and analytic
  • decision make

list 6 IOT application areas

  • consumer electronics
  • smart home
  • smart cities
  • smart utilities
  • supply chain
  • eHealth

Iot system architecture

main 4 stages

  • sensors

  • network gateway, data acquisition

  • gateway main roles

    • data management
    • local application example: home alarm logic
    • devices management

  • edge IT

    • performs preprocessing tasks for data before sending it to cloud center, example: machine learning requires immediate attention

  • data center, cloud

    • performs in-depth processing, physical data center or cloud based center, do not need immediate feedback.

what do each stage do?

(sensors , network gateway, data acquisition, edge IT, data center, cloud)

network

  • LAN
  • WAN
    • differences: geographical coverage requirements of the network (LAN, WAN)

IoT Main Application Areas

  • Massive IoT

    • defination: typical sensors that report to cloud on a regular basis

  • challenges

    • device cost
    • battery life
    • coverage
    • scalability
    • diversity

Critical IoT

  • challenges
    • high reliability
    • low latency
    • high availability

What is an IoT device

  • What is IoT device: An IoT device is any nonstandard computing device that connects wirelessly to the network and has the ability to transmit data

  • Classes

    • basic devices: only provide the basic services of sensors reading and actuators tasks

    • advanced devices: also provide a WAN connection

  • difference

    • Requirement
      • low device cost
      • high power efficiency
      • low duty cycling

New Concepts

  • Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications

  • D2D: connecting the devices in a local manner

  • Tactile Internet: encompassing human-to-machine and machine-to-machine interaction.

Enabling Technology For IOT

Architecture Reference Model

  • ETSI architecture is the first release architecture for M2M
  • ITU-T Reference Model
  • IETF Reference Model
  • IoT World Forum Reference Model

Big Data

  • what is it: refer to the large data sets which need to be collected, stored, analyzed, and managed to deliver IoT insight

  • what is it for

Cloud Computing

  • defination: a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network to access shared computing resources

  • 3 models: Saas, Paas, IaaS

  • why for IOT: provide the virtual infrastructure for IoT applications to enable users to access applications on demand anytime, anywhere

Application Analytic software

  • examples?
  • which part to analyse?
  • Digital twin
    • descrip it: as the sensors collecting all the real-time data, a set of models forming a digital twin that is updated with all the same information.

Connectivity and Networks

  • wireless network technologies in IOT

    • The requirements for IoT applications
    • categories of them
      • capillary wireless technologies
      • cellular and wide area wireless networks

  • example protocols

  • modes

  • infrastructure based

    • adhoc

    • RFID

      • components
        • tags
        • reader
        • mechanism : To read information encoded on the tag, the reader send a signal using an antenna, the tag responds with the information
      • data rate

    • ZIgBee

      • operation distance: 100m

      • advantages: in complex system provide low power operation, high security, high reliability, high scalability with high node count.

      • types of nodes

        • full function device

        • reduced function device

personal area network

  • data rate

  • WiFi

    • standard

    • two frequency bands:2.4Ghz, 5GHz

    • operation distance : 50

    • disadvantages for IOT

    • data rate up to 600 mps

  • HaLow

    • advantages

    • frequency bands

    • 802.11af

    • advantages

    • frequency bands

  • NFC

    • distances
    • standard
    • frequency bands
    • data rate
    • advantages

  • Bluetooth

  • WirelessHART

  • Weightless

    • standard
    • techniques
    • advantages

  • Z-Wave

    • primarily designed for
    • advantages
    • standard
    • frequency bands
    • data rate

  • SigFix

    • primarily designed for
    • advantages
    • standard
    • frequency bands
    • data rate

  • LoRa

  • How to choose wireless technology

Iot data in ecosystem

  • IoT data

    • 4 types
    • characteristic

  • management

    • 7 stages
    • scope
    • examples

  • how iot data fulfills characteristic of big data

    • 4 Vs

      • volume
      • various
      • velocity
      • veracity

  • Data Analytic Lifecycle

    • 6 phases

      • discovery
      • data preparation
      • model planning
      • model building
      • communicate results
      • Operationalize

  • Data Analytic

    • analytic techniques

      • K-mean Clustering
      • Regression Analysis
      • Decision Tree Analysis

Energy in the IoT Ecosystem

Characteristics of IoT Energy Sources

  • scalability
  • maintenance-free
  • long life time battery
  • mobility support
  • flexibility
  • low cost
  • environment friendly

Types of Powering IoT Devices

  • Energy Harvesting Use Cases in IoT

  • WSN

  • body sensor networks

  • So on

  • Energy sources for IoT applications

    • main power
    • Battery and Super-capacitors
    • RF Energy
    • Thermal energy
      • suitable for?
      • examples?
      • to improve?
      • Issues?

Evaluating Energy Efficiency of IoT Systems

  • Access Techniques for IoT

    • wired communication/ pros, cons

    • wireless communication/ pros cons

    • radio waves pros/cons

      • reflection
      • Scattering
      • Diffraction

  • Medium Access Control

    • Coordinated Multiple Access

      • TDMA
      • FDMA
      • CDMA

    • Uncoordinated Multiple Access

      • Random Access
      • Pure ALOHA
      • Slotted ALOHA
        • probability of both succeed
        • probablity of only one succeed

  • Collision Probability in Random Access

  • Improving Random Access

    • back off time
    • access barring
    • network condition.

  • CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access

    • difference between aloha?
    • two important parameters
    • CSMA Variations
    • two problems of CSMA

  • MACA Protocol

  • Frequency Hopping and Bluetooth

Cellular Networks for IoT

  • Cell concept

    • licensed spectrum
    • frequencies reuse
    • mobile network

  • 1G

    • analog signals.
    • FDMA
    • bandwidth
    • Limits

  • 2G

    • digital signals
    • TDMA and FDMA
    • bandwidth
    • advancements compared with 1G

  • 3G

    • digital signals
    • CDMA
    • bandwidth
    • advancements compared with 2G

  • 4G

    • OFDMA
    • bandwidth
    • advancements compared with 3G

  • 5G

    • Different service categories

    • target applications and services

    • two challenges

    • five brand new technologies

      • millimeter waves
      • Small Cell
      • Massive MIMO
      • Beamforming
      • Full Duplex

  • NB-IoT

  • LTE-M

Security Challenges in IoT

  • Security Challenges in IoT
    • Privacy and Information Security
    • Device Security and Software Update
    • Trust in Intermediaries
    • The Implications of Regulation
    • flaws in Cyber-Physical Systems
  • Attacks in IoT
  • Threats in IoT